Monday, March 7, 2011

Where I Can Watch Brent Gorrigan

Torture prisons and the business of oppression - Egyptians reckon with the past from

Egyptian activists are trying all the evidence about the atrocities of the Egyptian regime to lay hands are

By Daniel Roters

It's Friday, the 4th March. On the Tahrir Square celebrated the pro-democracy movement, "their" new Prime Minister Essam Sharaf, who was responsible for moving an acceptable proposal, since he had himself repeatedly criticized corruption and disastrous educational system in Egypt. From mid 2004 to late 2005, he was transport minister in the Cabinet Nazif. After a train accident daramtischen with many dead and injured came back Sharaf, because it the country lacked the resources and vision to find innovative solutions to transport issues.

Over a month after Mubarak conceded the field, about 2,000 pro-democracy demonstrators looked on 6 March again ausgetzt attacks of 200 clubs. The men are to be police officers, was in civilian clothes, some armed with knives, swords and homemade bombs. This was apparently a desperate attempt to prevent the evidence by the protesters. In recent weeks, chief editors of state newspapers and working in ministries in the destruction of files of material were observed. For each action it was the activists, staff of the chief editor of the newspaper Al-Ahram, Osama Saraya to ask. Also featured in Alexandria citizens the hated state security in the destruction of documents . For days, was visible to the demonstrators on Tahrir Square, which tried the remnants of the regime. The smoke of the largest office building on Tahrir Square (El Mogamma) is testimony that the bureaucrats burn evidence of crimes on their own people. The activists continue to try to secure incriminating evidence and to put online, such as on the Facebook page Amn Dawla leaks.

In recent days, activists managed to storm offices of the Ministry of Interior and State Security, and numerous Documents to ensure that the prosecution should be transferred. During the conquest of buildings in 6th October City near Cairo, she met with secret prisons, where the state security has interrogated and tortured Egyptians. In a headquarters in Nasr City, the activists met intercepts of telephone calls between professors, political activists and opposition politicians . The seized documents have some dirty connection between the business world and connect to the regime of Mubarak-era days. A found object that the ARD exists proves that the Munich-based company of the State Security GAMMA an offer listening devices presented. This technique allows the interception and analysis of all Internet communications. It should also be possible to infiltrate laptops so that its cameras and microphones can spy on all areas. It remains to be seen whether the Munich public prosecutor for violating § 202c against those responsible for GAMMA is going on.

following video shows how Egyptian activists besieged building of the Security and enter a secret prison. Note the walls, which were soundproofed. Also shown are embassies of the detainees, sometimes the symbol of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood. It is believed that many of these prisons There. Hard to imagine how many screams they left did not leave, how many people here, the will was broken ...


Sunday, March 6, 2011

Dischargeimplantation

Morocco: In the (Arab) Western Front?

From Swantje Boulouh-Bartschat, MA

Even two weeks after the first major protest in Morocco, there are few reports of the events in the country - and if so, they could hardly be more different.

After initial three-to five-figure information on the number of participants in the protests of 20 February is now a six-digit level in the interview. Far fewer people however, should have gone last weekend (from February 25 to 27) on the streets. While the international press - if any - of peaceful protests, the question is, where the police keep in the background, eyewitnesses and re video recordings on the Internet of the suppression of some protests by police intervention. Whether public or not restrained - the police behind their king and is targeted against the coordinators of the protests. This talk of defamation, including social networks, and the seizure of their computers. The Oussama Elkhlifi however, does not shrink. After the withdrawal of the two other founders, he is the sole Initiator of the group, to the protests of 20 had called in February via Facebook .

In a seven and a half-minute recording, entitled Who is Osama Elkhlifi ? expressed the 23-year-old at the start of the protest movement and the reactions of the police. Despite libel, in which it is shown, for example, an infidel and the threats of the police to him by his father - his sign Police Officer - looks were transmitted Elkhlifi no turning back. Despite a job offer for him and promotion prospects for his father Elkhlifi calls as well as numerous other protesters remain a Restriction of royal power, the improvement of social inequality and the implementation of press freedom. That the latter is still highly restricted, can be guessed, even in these days of the reports in the Moroccan press. It is already almost strongly emphasized, the king demanded to reformations, and the reports of peaceful demonstrations do not really about the images of angry demonstrators - surrounded by police with batons - fit.

One fact, however, can make it very clear: the protests of 20 February, it brought all the speeches: politicians of various parties in Morocco, many citizens of the country, which Report including in open letters and via YouTube videos speak or directly to Mohammed VI. , Business, and the king himself too highly the Arab music scene these days is not dumb. While in Tunisia, a song by the young rapper "El General" Hamada Ben Amor against the ousted despot Ben Ali was elected as a protest song, the Moroccan Najat Aatabou sings but also protest movement - but in the sense of Mohammed VI:

Long live. King / his hand in our hands / (Allah Allah) / we love him and he loves us :



addition accumulate on platforms such as Youtube and Facebook confessions loyalty to the king and critical voices against the protests. And one hears among the demonstrators in the streets once more, it is striking that even now, including the statements "We love our king!" And "We do not want to overthrow our king!" Are not uncommon. The love of "M6" There's just no getting small so easy.

Ayyuhâ l-Malik, nuhibbukâ matâlibunâ wa-hâdhihî!
(Oh king, we love you, and these are our demands!)
Meanwhile
the opinions differ with the view to the future development in the country. While the Moroccan press is mainly the image of an active or at least discuss the government, in which politicians call for the consideration of the wishes of the people, let European voices announced the possible imminence of a coup ... or the opposite. Leo Wieland, editor of the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung and author of M6-called critical articles, the country is stable, despite high youth unemployment, corruption and enormous wealth of the "king of the poor", which can be read off to the less obvious possessions.
"There are (.) Does not Palaces, racing stables, golf courses, painting and sports car collection, which make up the bulk of the assets of, M6 ', but his financial interest in everything that grows in Morocco. "
It recognizes the achievements of Mohammed VI. aware of and takes security and the current exercise begun on changes in the form of subsidies for basic food and gas and the formation of a Council to reform of the 'social contract'. But Wieland also doubts that the steps of the king are sufficient. It remains to be seen not only the extent of popular devotion to the ruler of his people can actually get. After solidarity confessions the "Committee for the Liberation of Sebta and Melilla" to the movement of 20 February, the protests could - in addition to this weekend for the 20th March announced - take a new direction that would be of interest particularly for Spain, where the two cities are located in Morocco belong.
"The 'site Morocco has' already covered some good and habitable floors. But here and there, it's raining too hard through the roof "


In extension to the current events in Morocco.

Thursday, March 3, 2011

Bible Black Streaming Eng

Recent Press Review: Revolutions in the Arab world

The companies in Tunisia and Egypt struggle for the establishment of new political and state structures, the uprising in Libya has stalled and the current situation can be a long conflict between the Gaddafi regime and the free Libyans in the east of the country feared. But because the events are part of a larger and probably far from complete revolution in the Arab world in the Western media continue to be discussed, which has significance of the "Arab Spring" for the Arab countries, but also for Europe, the U.S. and Israel . It is also analyzed Welche Möglichkeiten der Demokratisierung in der Welt vorhanden sind und Arabischen in welche sich die Richtungen post revolutionären Staaten Tunesien Ägypten und entwickeln könnten:

Iran, the Arab revolt and the Middle East tomorrow
(lemonde. com / Alain Frachon / 03.03.2011)
Question of realpolitik, not lyrical-sentimental but what the Middle East tomorrow? What will the region subsides when the wind storm that blows for nearly two and a half months? Response heard, sometimes in Washington, and often in Jerusalem: "All this is good for Iran." Which implies that it is pas très bon pour l'Amérique et encore moins pour Israël ...

democracy in Arab States: "The Sharia is not an established Code
(fr-online / 03.03.2011)
The Berlin Islamic scholar Gudrun Krämer, interview with the Frankfurter Rundschau on the possibilities of democratic rule in the Arab world, and also about that and how human rights are derived from the Sharia.

revolutions in the Middle East: Arab "republics of fear" at the end?
(qantara.de / 03.03.2011)
The recent protests in the Arab world that military deterrence alone can not keep the protesters at bay. But how long autocratic systems can ever hold still? Birgit Kaspar informed of Beirut.

Révolutions dans le monde arabe: Des lendemain incertain
(lexpressiondz.com / Othmane Siddik / 03.03.2011)
La Tunisie a la voie glasscase, l'Egypte a suivi, par la Libye imitée alors que nombre d'autres pays arabes se sont dans la engouffrés brèche ainsi ouverte. Mais la révolution peut elle-all loin sans tête pensant, sans organization?

"Paris has lost a lot of credit": An interview with the political scientists and experts on Islam Olivier Roy
(NZZ Online / 03.03.2011)
After 11 September 2001, Islam in France - up to the enemy - as in almost all European countries. The perspective was that of a "clash of civilizations", Islam constitutes a threat to European identity and is incompatible with the values of the West, especially with democracy and secularism. The revolutions of the past ten weeks of this theory. ... The supposed enemy is like us, he wants the same as we and our point All in all, even well-disposed - as the reception of Western observers by the protesters shows. But in this country it is not very willing to admit to have been wrong. Rather it assumes the protesters winding ulterior motives, the hand of Islamists in the game imagines that sought after secretly to seize power for himself.

discussion of Arab revolution
(rp-online / Martin Oberpriller / 03.03.2011)
At a panel discussion in the Protestant city of Dusseldorf Academy was the upheaval in the Arab world and the role of the West part controversial. While the outlook for Tunisia und Ägypten optimistisch bewertet wurden, gab die Lage in Libyen Anlass zur Sorge.

The New Arab World Is Coming, With or Without the U.S.
(Huffington Post-Blog / Cynthia P. Schneider & Nadia Oweidat / 02.03.2011)
The Arab world is marching toward democracy, with or without the United States. To be relevant to the breakneck changes rocking the Middle East, the U.S. first needs to reexamine its foreign policy and its narcissistic definition of its security. A free and democratic Arab world aligns with America's security interests. There is still time to change the perception of the United States as a place that utters sweet words of democracy but supports dictators -- as it has throughout the lifetimes of the young Arab leaders.

The Fabric of Democracy
(jadaliyya.com / Maryam Monalisa Gharavi / 02.03.2011)
In "Rogues", his 2003 volume on rogue states, Jacques Derrida looked to Plato's Republic in order to assess the Grecian syntagma of democracy as ‘democracy to come.’ Passages from the Republic referring to ‘democratic man and his freedoms’ hold special relevance; Derrida used it to examine the rise of Islamism in Algeria but I would like to focus on the relationship between clothing, democracy and Egypt’s former president Hosni Mubarak and Libya’s embattled ... al-Gaddafi. The aesthetics of Greek origin ... Largely as indistinguishable from perception and perceptible things ..., and did not come to signify beauty or adornment until the Relatively recent 18th century. A re-historicized rendering of the garments of despot might yield greater insight into the seduction and valor of democracy through its aesthetics or perception.

The military strongholds of the world
(bazonline.ch / 03.02.2011)
The Militarisierungsindex shows the most highly militarized regions in the world. The findings: The current unrest in areas of the Arab world are also from a military point of view, a powder keg.

The magic spark: The Art of Revolution
(br2 / Rainer people / 03.01.2011)
In ancient Greece, people spoke of the "Kairos" from the right moment for an event. Is this true for revolutions? The roll-wave in North Africa raises the question of the mechanisms of great upheaval. Paris 1789 has something to do with Cairo 2011 together?

Seething neighborhood: Europe and the upheaval in the Arab world

(dradio.de / Michael Striker / 03.01.2011)
Sometimes the story comes to the door into the house, an uninvited guest, and any status quo is zu Bruch. Und so geht es auch heute, wenn die von ihren Europäer südlichen Küsten gen Süden und schauen Südosten.

Clash of Civilizations? The end of a fiction ...
(lemonde.fr / Abdennour Bidar / 03.01.2011)
Goodbye Mr. Mubarak. But most importantly, Mr. Huntington Farewell! Let us remember the words that you use in the late twentieth century already seems so far away ... It was indeed "the clash of civilizations" is not it? The funeral oration of your thesis has been pronounced by the event start revolutions Arab, Egypt et Tunisie. Les concepts aussi doivent mourir un jour, surtout quand ils sont faux.

right-wing populism and revolution: law is quiet
(theeuropean.de / Benjamin Dürr / 28.02.2011)
silent = Islam critic: law is quiet
(derstandard.at / Benjamni Dürr / 02/28/2011)
From Islam-critics like Geert Wilders in the Netherlands, Henryk M. Broder or Ayaan Hirsi Ali is currently not very audible. The revolutions in the Arab countries have shaken their world view - a response they have not yet found to the changing world.

Internet in the Arab world seething in the network
(sueddeutsche.de / Neshitov T. & J. Rubner / 26.02.2011)
There were no Internet revolution, the Arab in the last weeks of the world passed - but without the Internet, it would hardly have been one of them. Social networks and blogs have influenced the rebellion decisively.

Monday, February 28, 2011

Alfretto Maruri Porcelain

UN: Gaddafi to the club of war criminals join

Gaddafi to follow Milosevic and Karadzic - is the axis of the war criminals

By Daniel Roters

Muammar Gaddafi under
also responsible before the International Court of Justice must
.

With the UN Resolution No. 1970 dated 26.2.2011, the international community an indictment for crimes against Muammar Gaddafi of humanity has made more likely. Many commentators had interpreted the resolution as lame, worthless signal of the world, including Muammar Gaddafi himself Those comments only saw the travel ban and the freezing of Konton Gaddafi confidant in the focus of the resolution. The international community has made it clear that it not only an end to violence against civilians Libyan calls, but also possible crimes already committed by the means of international law wants to punish, in the present, but also in the future. A warning to the despots of the world.

has now published the organization "Coalition for the Interna Nalen court Hoff" (ICIC), a text and asks within the network of 150 participating countries for assistance to support the chief prosecutor for possible charges against Gaddafi. Libya is the second case to Darfur to the International Court of Justice was assigned by a decision of the UN Security Council.

Within hours of the adoption of the resolution was Gaddafi's response. He was trying just a little interview with the Serbian private broadcaster PINK explain he was not Milosevic or Karadzic. The International Court just trying to bring an indictment on the way, which is based solely on media reports. He described the UN sanctions as null and void. He also made al-Qaeda responsible for the situation in Libya. He described the situation in Libya as calm and controlled. In fact, the connection of the Muammar Gaddafi is delicate with Serbia. After the collapse of Yugoslavia, which was just as Libya is a leading member of the Non-Aligned Movement States, remained the close relations between Serbia and Libya.

editors of the Serbian television station had the former Yugoslav President Zoran Lilić over the weekend to Libya monitored in order to collect footage. It was not the images of dead and injured, to see the Serbian public was given. The transmitter was based with a well-meaning compilation of the material staging a peaceful Tripoli, the last stronghold of in free fall are be dictator. Lilić, predecessor of Milosevic's cabinet and later belonging, described himself as a "close friend" Gaddafi. Lilić was monitored during his stay in Tripoli at the weekend the evacuation of Serbian citizens. The Serbian business relations with Libya are placed in the field of defense industry, property and engineering sector. main customers of Serbian weapons Libya.

The Serbian newspaper ALO! on 23.02.2011 has published a report t, the sets another dark secret of the Serbian-Libyan relations open. A source of the Serbian military had leaked to the newspaper material, which proves that Serbian soldiers were sometimes the first mercenaries who allegedly carried out in Gaddafi's order in the streets of Tripoli patrol. The report to follow these Södner already been partially employed as guest workers in African countries and have left their jobs because they Libyan official five-digit dollar amounts were available. Others are directly Serbia had been flown in Tripoli.

survivors of the victims of Srebrenica, in many cases only
visit the memorial to commemorate the deceased
. There are still mass graves are found, identified
dead and buried with dignity.
The fighters were mostly the remains of a Serbian paramilitary task force called "Red Berets", which had disbanded in 2003 because some of its members were brought in connection with war crimes during the Balkan wars, including the massacre of Srebrenica and Racak. Already in the 1990s, Gaddafi had resorted to Serb militias to combat alleged "Islamists". During the fighting in Libya, there were repeated reports of Serbian pilots who should have supported the Libyan Air Force process of attacking civilians. Libyans themselves tweeting on participation of Serbs in the fighting and also CNN correspondent Ben Wedeman reported on the participation of Serbian mercenaries in Libya.

So now is
Slobodan Milosevic before the UN war crimes tribunal
Gaddafi expected to share the fate of other war criminals. Milosevic as president of Serbia had supported right-wing parties and Serbian paramilitary units in Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina to establish a Greater Serbia. He was responsible for the collapse of Yugoslavia and of the bloody over 10 years of conflict in the Balkan region. On 27 May 1999 Milosevic was indicted by the International Court of crimes against humanity, breaches of the Geneva Conventions and genocide. The indictment of 66 action points reads like the biography of a medieval generals. Only had this time a head of state in Europe raged our time under the eyes of the public. Even during the process Milosevic died of a heart attack in 2002. Whether that Milosevic deliberately provoked into suicide intent, or was caused by inadequate medical Beitreuung, is still unclear.

Radovan Karadzic before the International War Crimes Tribunal
Radovan Kradzic served as leader of the Bosnian Serbs for war crimes against the Muslim population of Bosnia and citizens of Croatian origin. For him, the Declaration of Independence Bosnian Serb autocrat in relation to the Belgrade declaration of war against the Serbian people. In the last debate of the Parliament of Bosnia-Herzegovina, Karadzic said in conclusion, and frankly all in: "If the Muslims want war, then they can have him!" He called for a separate republic within Bosnia and planned by a well structured party and military apparatus of mass executions of the Bosnians, an "ethnic cleansing", as she was known by Kommentatorien this time. After the attack, Serb forces on the nearly defenseless Sarajevo on 9 April 1995 adopted the UN war crimes tribunal, an international arrest warrant against Karadzic. In July 1995, then found more than a massacre on an unprecedented scale near the small town of Srebrenica held. More than 8,000 Muslims were separated under the eyes of Dutch UN soldiers, taken to a wooded area killed and then buried in mass graves. Srebrenica is now a place for widows. Entire families have lost their fathers and sons. Only in 2008 was Radovan Karadzic fesgenommen and the International Court of Justice to pass.

is significant against this background that Seif al-Islam Gaddafi warned in his televised speech a few days, the Libyan public, in which he reminded to the bloodshed in Yugoslavia in 1990.

What have these war criminals have in common? They shoot is calculated on the rhetoric of the Bush era and defend themselves: We are fighting against Islamists, we are fighting against al Qaeda.

But the real enemy of despots are people who have found that bread and water for life is not enough. You can no longer be intimidated and bullying by a policy à la carrot and the stick. The law is on their side ... hopefully!

Watch South Park With Symbian

How the U.S. for the first time official contacts with Islamic potentates tied / 4

A memorable story in several episodes - The fourth and last part

A historical essay by Marco Schöller


It will be remembered: For the favor of the Ottoman to insure Sultan and avoid imminent penalties, because he had formed an alliance against the interests of the Ottoman Empire with France, was planning Dey of Algiers, Mustafa, to be sent in the autumn of 1800 the Sultan gifts. Because the Dey to no big enough or sufficiently armed ship had available, he held on to the Americans, who had arrived with the great frigate » George Washington " in Algiers, and asked them the gifts to get to Istanbul. The U.S. representative O'Brien and Bainbridge tried to dissuade the Dey of that idea, but without success. And so sailed in October 1800, U.S. frigate in Algerian "Captain Blood" to Istanbul ...

VII
The George Washington made after they had been to some extent by Dey "hijacked on 19 October 1800 on its way from Algiers to Istanbul. At the top of the middle main mast - the tallest point in the rigging of a three-master - the Americans had to raise the Algerian flag. This is supposedly the head of 'Ali have shown, including a turban, but surely that is not in fact, we do not know the flag of the Dey. must regard the raising of the flag to know that among the seamen as driving under foreign flags maximum Was considered shameful. Before departure, therefore O'Brien with the Dey had unsuccessfully discussed whether or not we could hoist the flag on the foremast. This would have signaled that the ship sailed under a flag other than the actual, because it captured ships with flags on the foremast: So would have been clear that the ship by force as O'Brien put it, and not under its own was but another flag on the go. The flag at the mainmast had, however, the ship "as a" flagship, as it actually state only the commanding officer or an admiral. But the Dey could not change his mind, and so was the flag raised at the main mast. But no sooner had to leave the harbor of Algiers, is said to have obtained the Bainbridge flag again, when you were out of sight.

to Malta by it sailed towards the Bosphorus and the sea journey was less because of the autumnal weather, but mainly because of the overcrowding of the ship is a nightmare. On board were in fact, in addition to the regular crew of 131 men, the Algerian ambassador and his company of 100 people, 100 black women and their children, four horses, 151 sheep, 25 cattle, four lions, tigers (!) And antelope , twelve parrots and prizes worth over $ 1,000,000. If it is found during the three-week trip that the ship is in had crossed zigzag into the wind, then took up position on a Muslim prayer time at the ship's compass and conducted from there the prayer, which direction to Mecca, they had to take. On 9 November ran a ship in the straits off Istanbul.

Bainbridge and the Americans were not sure how they would be received in Istanbul. After all, it was thus the first contact between the United States and the Ottoman Empire, which was officially halfway. The frigate was under American flag in front of Istanbul, and the reception was that concerned the Americans warmly. Although the Turkish officer who came on board, never heard of a nation called United States had he brought as a lamb of peace and a bouquet of flowers as a welcome gift. It is also reported that the Sultan saw from his palace which starred American flag and it concluded that the United States have similar customs and laws such as the Turks, who even wore a star on their flag.

were on site then minor mishaps and misunderstandings, but with the help of the British Consul, Lord Elgin could be resolved quickly. All in all, the stay of the Americans in Istanbul a great success, for it closed many friends. The Americans were known among other things, a German count who the gardens of the Sultan, supervised and with the English East travelers Edward Daniel Clarke. (Clarke reported on the arrival of the American ship and the other events of the third volume of his travel books: Travels in Various Countries of Europe, Asia and Africa ... Fourth Edition, Volume III, p. 77-79.) Agreed for the future is an exchange of diplomats between the U.S. and the Ottoman Empire, and for now the Americans were given Turkish passports protection for their further journeys.

The reception for the Ambassador of the Dey, however, was chilly. This itself and the 100 who traveled on the George Washington Turks were taken hostage and up to Another interned, whether this happened at the instigation of the British, as is claimed in some places, is not guaranteed, but likely. But the Sultan had good reasons to Dey in Algiers not to be good to talk, because he resented his vassals in Algiers to the flexible attitude to France. The Grand Admiral of the Ottoman Navy spat on the letter from the Dey, which was handed over to him and then stomped it around - according to other reports of the Sultan himself had done so, but this is hardly credible. As a concrete measure of the Sultan decreed in any case, the Dey would immediately declare war on France and also a new "reparations" from a Million of piastres to pay, which was to be delivered within 60 days in Istanbul. The Algerian gifts had been able so nothing to be done and the Dey was in a difficult position, as on the George Washington 21st January 1801 re-anchored in the bay of Algiers.

VIII
obviously now had all the Dey, he wanted to submit to the will of the Sultan and take the required sum to Istanbul to make, once again the service of the U.S. ship to deliver. But this had also suspected Captain Bainbridge, who had therefore not thrown from the pier, but in the bay outside the reach of the Port anchor batteries. The claim of the Dey, he had in his Order a second time to sail to Istanbul, he refused categorically. This time, however, the Dey gave in and guaranteed the frigate safe entry into the port of Algiers. In an audience with the Dey, the first was stormy, Bainbridge presented the Turkish letter of protection in this way and saved the situation and himself the next day, 24 January 1801, Dey said the France, the second time after 1799, the war.

The Dey, who had in his attitude towards France now for several years fluctuated back and forth, once again yielded to the Ottoman-British pressure. After the declaration of war against France, he gave 400 Venetian, Sicilian and Maltese prisoners free, who had been kidnapped and at the time of their capture British had letters of protection. All the French, including the Commissaire général Thai Ville, he was put in chains, and only the intercession of the American Bainbridge and O'Brien was able to achieve that the Dey changed his mind and ordered the French to leave the regency within 48 hours . Thai Ville was reported, as has been demanded by Britain in August 1800, and embarked on 30 January in the company of some 60 compatriots to Alicante, where they were brought by the American frigate George Washington .

Thus ended the first Contact the U.S. with the Dey in Algiers and the Ottoman Empire. In retrospect, it seems curious that the U.S. was dragged unwillingly into most events - and certainly did not want to establish a diplomatic contacts with the Ottoman Empire. But the U.S. got in the Mediterranean, no respite, because in the spring of 1801 led to the first "official" war between an Islamic power and the U.S.: After a dispute about the amount of the annual tribute to pay to the United States in Tripoli, had Bey said there in March 1801 the United States to war. But it took some time before the Americans in their role as a belligerent power in the Mediterranean with a little self-consciousness assembled at. First seen still as a "low power", which is hardly in a position against Algiers (and not least against the other European powers who were working there) to fight back. In this sense, the American consul O'Brien wrote on 7 February 1801 to Lisbon:
"I am shivering in fear for our valuable ships and citizens in this sea. We are with our tribute in default, have no money and no pirates, and are threatened by all the vultures. Algiers, a pirate state investigated, employment for its corsairs (...) and we are the victims of it "(State Papers and Publick Documents of the United States IV, p. 362)
And when one then in early summer 1801 with the regency of Tripoli during the war was that required the use of all available forces of the United States, it was more cautious. In May 1801 therefore had to Consul O'Brien that he would do everything to avoid a breach with the Dey, because you could use the face of conflict with Tripoli no sideshow. With the dey of Algiers, it was therefore necessary to remain in agreement. The U.S. led in 1801 its first war against an Islamic power, the Dey of Tripoli. This is no longer in our history. But must remember in our days, that Libya's capital is once again plagued by bloody violence, particularly traurig stimmen.

ENDE


Literatur

  • Allen, Gardner W.: Our Navy and the Barbary Corsairs , Boston – New York 1905.
  • Barnby, H.G.: The Prisoners of Algiers. An Account of the Forgotten American-Algerian War, 1785–1797 , London – New York 1966.
  • Bevans, Charles (Hg.): Treaties and Other International Agreements of the United States of America, 1776-1949. Vol. 5: Afghanistan – Burma , Washington 1970.
  • ––––– (Hg.): Treaties and Other International Agreements of the United States of America, 1776-1949. Vol. 9: Iraq – Muscat, Washington 1972.
  • Clarke, Edward Daniel: Travels in Various Countries of Europe, Asia and Africa … Fourth Edition , Band III, London 1817.
  • Lambert, Frank: The Barbary Wars. American Independence in the Atlantic World , New York 2005.
  • Lane-Poole, Stanley: The Barbary Corsairs. Fourth Edition , London 1890.
  • The Life of the Late Gen. William Eaton; Several Years an Officer in the United States’ Army, Consul at the Regency of Tunis on the Coast of Barbary (...). Principally Collected from His Correspondence and Other Manuscripts , Brookfield 1813.
  • Plantet, Eugene Match Deys of Algiers with the Court of France 1579-1833, collected in the archives of Foreign Affairs, Navy, Colonies and the Chamber of Commerce of Marseilles (...), 2 Bände, Paris 1889.
  • A Short History of Algiers, With A Concise View of the Origin Of The Rupture Between Algiers and the United States (...). Third Edition, Improved , New York 1805.
  • State Papers and Publick Documents of the United States, from the Accession of George Washington to the Presidency, Exhibiting a Complete View of Our Foreign Relations since that Time. Third Edition , 12 Bände, Boston 1819.
  • Stevens, James Wilson: An Historical and Geographical Account of Algiers; Comprehending a Novel and Interesting Detail of Events Relative to the American Captives , Philadelphia 1797.
  • Underhill, Updike: The Algerine Captive; or, the Life and Adventures of Doctor Updike Underhill, Six Years A Prisoner among the Algerines. Two Volumes in One , Hartford 1816.
  • Upham, Charles W.: The Life of Timothy Pickering , Volume III, Boston 1873rd
  • Winiker, Jay: The Great Upheaval . America and the Birth of the Modern World, 1788-1800 , London - New York 2008.

Saturday, February 26, 2011

Pregnant Sensitive To Touch

Bayn al-'Asrayn - for the upcoming constitutional amendment between the republics

In the cabinet room Mubarak's portrait
is removed on 13/02/2011. The construction of a new republic
begins ...
A guest post by Björn Bentley

The second Egyptian Republic ended on 13/02/2011 with the takeover of the military. That after the six month transition period begin a new, third republic, the Constitution must be adequate only found through discussion and compromise, is already clear. But between the two republics is to amend the Constitution of 1971, which is due now, and will make the transition first. In just ten days, a committee appointed eight judges and lawyers has prepared a draft amendment. The details of the procedures in the constitution will determine how democratic and clean to drain the transition to a civilian government. They control the main principles of the presidential and parliamentary elections and now arrange the power structure of government or the participation of Egyptian civil society new.

The following six articles of the constitution were presented, the change needs now. The likely solutions are not ad-hoc ideas of the Committee, it is preceded by many years of discussions among lawyers and political and social actors back and found a direct relationship instead of the prevailing conditions and practices under the regime of Mubarak.



Baynal-'Asrayn. For the upcoming constitutional amendment between the republics
(Based on the novel "Bayn al-qasrayn" (Between the Palaces) vonNagib Machfuz. )
"On 25 January, the government lost its legitimacy, "said Zakariyya 'Abd al-Aziz, the former chairman of the Judges' Club in early February 2011 on the Tahrir Square. On 2/13/2011 he ended the second Egyptian Republic (1952-2011). That after the six-month transitional period, a new Third Republic is sought is already intended. Unddazwischen are now before the constitutional changes that will make the Übergangvon the second to the third republic possible. Egypt magaus the focal points and headlines to be advised of the resignation of the big questions-autocrat Mubarak, dissolution of parliament - have been resolved, anda compact Message-place, such as about who the next president is, etc., not yet in sight. Nevertheless, the country is in an exciting phase, the details are important and deserve more attention. Diefolgenden pages have no opinion article but will hopefully help rich collection of information and starting points.
The proposed constitutional changes in 2011
Am 25.02. 02.26.2011 or a draft amendment to the 1971 derVerfassung presented. He will most likely cover the following six articles:
- Articles 76 and 77 regulate the requirements for candidacy for the presidency and the office of the President. It is expected that the term of office to two four-year limited, and significantly simplifies the candidacy. In addition, the Vice President will be determined by future elections.
Article 76 was amended before the Wahlen2005, on the one hand the first time and pressure from the U.S. and derägyptischen protest movement, several presidential candidates to accept the other hand, keep the chances of opposition challenger to start small. A Vice President has given it not for decades, the appointment of 'Umar Sulayman in January 2011 was thus an gewichtigesZugeständnis been that impressed but no more.
- The Article 88 regulates the supervision of the elections, the future is to fully and without restriction in the hand of judges. They have just won in denletzten years a lot of confidence in the population and apply gutemGrund as a guarantee of clean elections.
Electoral Supervisory Kontrolledes means the whole process, from voter lists of the Abstimmungbis for counting and announcement of results. So far that was passed in 1971 created derVerfassung principle of election supervision by the Judikativeaufgeweicht, and 2007 through a constitutional amendment ausgehebeltworden. The background was a confrontation between the judiciary undRegime in 2005 and 2006 that led to large demonstrations undAusschreitungen. The judges had threatened to boycott dieWahlaufsicht for more independence for the judicial system to impose. The risk to the legitimacy of the elected Parliament ina eempfindlichen measure.
They were also the conditions under Mubarak brazen and clumsy electoral fraud in the Parlamentswahlen2010 possible only through the overthrow of judicial supervision. DenWahlen in the 2000 and 2005, the regime is still with the Beschränkungder supervision on large polling stations, the creative interpretation of "election supervised by representatives of the judiciary", the hand-picked selection vonleicht influenced judges, bonus payments for complacency undfinanziellem pressure resistance and other indirect strategies begnügt.Lediglich outside the polling stations provided for offensichtlichereRechtsverstöße paid thugs and intimidation. The changes have now become known in advance of 2011 to stop such softening. DerWahlvorgang will be completely controlled by incumbent judges, dieOrganisation the elections even take place in courthouses and no longer under the control of the Interior Ministry, are directly related to the arbitrariness undRepressionen is connected.
- The Article 93 regulates the powers of parliament to decide on the Rechtmäßigkeitder membership in Parliament itself. Because of this Artikelskam said it time and again that the choice vonAbgeordneten Egyptian administrative courts in large numbers to be illegal and void, the judgments dasParlament not been realized. Likely to transfer this responsibility to a court.
Since electoral fraud undUnregelmäßigkeiten in varying degree for decades to policy imautokratisch ruled Egypt include much of the judiciary but relatively independent works and also a public interest in the independence of stock was the Article 93 has often cause of tension. Was repeatedly parliaments retroactively declared unconstitutional (elections of 1984, 19,871,990), after the 2005 elections demonstrated independent investigation of the Egyptian Judges' Club, were fraudulent elections in many districts, whereupon Verwaltungsgerichtedie elections declared in these districts to be invalid, the vote but lack decision of Parliament in office. As for the Parlamentswahlen2010 judgments existed, who ordered the stop of the elections for 184 seats and thus invalid imParlament did that was now dissolved parliament may never constitutional. There was also a dispute between the High Administrative Court and the Election Commission Derwahl over the responsibility for complaints of irregularities while. In the days between the outbreak of protests in January 2011 and demRücktritt Mubarak, Parliament and his election was part derVerhandlungsmasse between Vice Sulayman and the opposition.
- The 179 should be deleted. He is, since the constitutional amendment before von2007, the president the possibility of military accused undSondergerichte-set when she was accused of a terrorist act werden.Das been an important tool to control and intimidate political Opponents.
This authorization has ThePresident under the emergency rule applied regardless of the nature of the complaint and siewurde under Mubarak often to bring civilians from the camp of political opponents by military and special courts. This is a circumvention derregulären Justice, which is not as well controlled as today's special courts, whose predecessor was introduced after the 1952 revolution, because we thought belonged in the courts of representatives of the old regime. DieVerfassungsänderung of 2007 should allow the removal desAusnahmezustands perspective without losing the ability to make opponents vorbotmäßige special courts. The release was already über100 of prison inmates with Islamist background, and the debt nachFreilassung all other political prisoners is due to this practice.
- The Article 189 regulates the conditions for modifying the Constitution. DieWahlfälschungen and influences of recent years also served the objective of the ruling party the necessary majority for constitutional change in Parlamentzu secure. Constitutional amendments as requested by the President Mubarak gave esbeispielsweise 2005 and 2007. Any constitutional amendment must be approved by referendum vomVolk.
The Constitutional Committee and its functions
The High Council of the armed forces took over with his fifth statement am13.02.2011 the leadership of the country (see below). In the same statement, the High Council Announced the appointment of a committee, it is to prepare the constitutional amendments. The committee began its work at on 02/15/2011 and is said to have constitutional amendment to 02/25/2011 Completed a draft. Proposals for legislative changes that are necessary during derÜbergangszeit should be 15.03.2011vorgelegt within a month to the. In general, the Committee received the task Aufhebungdes emergency, the constitutional referendum and parliamentary undPräsidentschaftswahlen prepare within the transitional period of six Monatenlegislativ.
In the fifth statement of the High Council (13/02/2011) states: "[The social progress] process is achieved durchdie realization of an atmosphere of freedom and democracy, by implementing changes to the Constitution and the legislation that dielegitimen claims that has brought our great nation during the last days expressed [..]. The High Council of the armed forces has Denfer and unshakeable belief that human freedom, legal protection, the promotion of equality, democracy and sozialerGerechtigkeit and the elimination of deep-rooted Corruption dieGrundsätze any legitimate government, the country will cite in the future. "
The current constitutional committee had a predecessor who set up was still under President Mubarak, and met on 02/09/2011. It should - the protests were already invollem Gang and Vice President Sulayman sought negotiations with representatives derOpposition - to alter the same six articles of the constitution as the jetzigeAusschuss.
Likely changes in the law during the transitional period
The most important legislative proposals concerning the organization and the founding Derwahl and registration of parties.
The urgent webs set changes relate to the "Law for the exercise of political rights" and the law governing the organization of presidential elections was regelt.Bereits now known that the admission of parties to new and wenigerrestriktiv to be regulated, details will be discussed but still. Vonder the NDP-controlled party committee was one of the instruments could be managed effectively with those who form up opposition forces inParteien legally. Applications of the Muslim Brotherhood affiliated persons or members for approval of a non-denominational creator Party (hizbal Wasat, centrist party) have for years routinely rejected. In denspäten 1980s and 1990s had therefore a long part oppositionellerTätigkeit shifted to other organizational forms, such as in dieGewerkschaftsbewegung and professional chambers.
addition to the Electoral Supervisory dieJudikative by the Prime Minister will probably come in the future of the largest faction in parliament. The elections office will soon bzw.Legislaturperioden positioned so that first the Parliament is elected and the president then before the House of Representatives the Amtseidablegt.
The composition of the Constitutional Committee
The eight members of the Committee were derStreitkräfte by the High Council chosen and tailored its tasks in an interview on 14/02/2011 mitdem chairman of the High Council.
put in the selection of the Council, alongside the expertise, apparently (several university professors, three sitting judges, a Copt, a Muslim brother,) to a value ausgeglicheneZusammensetzung. None of the current and former judge had one of those key positions (President of the Constitutional Court, Präsidentdes Cassation, Minister of Justice) held and owned directly vomStaatspräsidenten Mubarak appointed. Instead, it is umhochrangige judges were elected by the circle of their colleagues in their offices. The demonstrated independence from the old regime.
Chairman: Judge Tariq al-Bishri, former vice chairman desStaatsrats
Dr. 'Atif al-Banna, a professor at Cairo University fürVerfassungsrecht
Hasanayn Dr. 'Abd al-'Al, Professor of Constitutional Law
Dr. Muhammad Yunus Mahi, Professoran Alexandria University
Subhi Salih, agents and attorneys of the Supreme Court derMuslimbruderschaft
judge Mahir Sami Yusuf, President of the High Constitutional Court stellverstretender
judge Hasan al-Badrawi, Vice President of the Constitutional Court
Hatim Bajatu, Chairman reunification of the lawyers at the High Constitutional Court
The predecessor committee (see above), however, was led by Dr. Siyam, the President of the Court of Cassation undqua Department Chairman of the High Judicial Council. Dr. Siyam was directly vomStaatspräsidenten appointed and sat at one of the switching points for Beeinflussungder justice.
Tariq al-Bishri
The Chairman of the Constitutional Committee is a former high court in the administration of justice. He is widely regarded alsglückliche choice and be independent. Al-Bishri has worked intensively with derHerausforderung as a religious and moral impetus inrechtsstaatlichen structures can be expressed, and enjoys reputation of undRespekt political circles about the Richerschaft to the Islamist opposition.
Tariq al-Bishri alsSohn 1931 was a lawyer and grandson of a high- religious scholars geboren.Lange years he was Deputy Chairman of the State Council, which is derägyptischen administrative courts, which are summarized in the State Council, he was retired 1998th
He was an important voice within the internal justice reform movement of the 1980s and 1990s. In seinem2006 book "The Egyptian judiciary between independence undKooptation" had al-Bishri summarized the concerns of the judiciary andin a slightly idealized look back at the liberal era in Egypt before derRevolution 1951 the ideal of separation of powers against the younger systematic interference by the executive and unlawful practice Ender Mubarak Annual contrasts. He may not be the originator of the receivables derRichterschaft from 2005 and 2006, firmly rooted in the discourses that he is always hanging together. Therefore, Al-Bishri's book von2006 as a blueprint, or at least a guide and are for diezukünftige Constitutional Development in Egypt as the list of demands desRichterclus from those years.
What al-Bishri term in the present situation to a good candidate for the Presidency of the Verfassungsausschussesmacht is that he established derOpposition both the Islamic argumentative parts as well as political parties are inclusive of NDPakzeptabel. His legal views on many legal issues are known, he is a credible advocate of separation of powers undDemokratisierung and a judge with clear sympathies and dedicated religious convictions. A basic problem of Arab politics, which al-Bishri mainly devoted in the 1990s ("Between Islam and Arab nationalism" von1998, "between the religious community and the national community impolite thinking" from 1998) is the separation of a nationalist secular discourse and an Islamic political discourse. It analyzes how such allocation would lead to a social divide that is increasingly hard way inproblematischer bridged. In a book of this dilemma he 2002sieht partially at least mitigated or overcome it, because a better understanding of the basic principles of togetherness derpolitischen (religion and Arab descent) gewordensei possible. As a new threat to Arab society, he makes more alsvorher from the influence of Western countries, both culturally and politically and economically.
The High Council of the armed forces
With his fifth statement set the High Council of the armed forces am13.02.2011 the constitution, both chambers of Parliament Dissolved of and announced an interim period of six months.
In the six months to last dieVerfassung, accepted the amendment by referendum, new elections should be conducted end of Parliament and for president. Constitutional undGesetzesänderungen to implement the will of the people, as he has articulated during derRevolution. The military council has announced repeatedly elects not own candidate in the presidential elections. Derstraffe timetable for the transition period and the rapidly initiated first steps are no doubt raise the predicted rapid transition zueiner civil government. In this context, the criticism to see amVerfassungsausschuss, independent NGOs and lawyers dafürkritisiert is that he does not vote with the people looking, anyway, the 1971 Constitution was no longer suitable for the changed circumstances, because the second de facto Republic of Egypt was over. The HoheRat has described the creation of a new constitution in a broad discussion with all segments of the population but the task of the future civilian government.
The Chairman of the High Council The armed forces, the Defense Minister Field Marshal Muhammad HusaynTantawi. Admiral MamduhShahin, Secretary of Defense for Law undVerfassungsfragen; Admiral Muhammad al-'Assar, State: Three more unnamed members imVerteidigungsministerium; Admiral Mukhtar al-Mulla.
policy in the period of transition
is true even after the dissolution of Parliament, shortly before vonEx President Mubarak appointed government of Prime Minister Lieutenant-General Ahmad Shafiq continue in office, but the High Council of the armed forces there, the make guidelines before and is in the process of profound change ampolitischen system in Egypt. Working with a Regierungdes old regime may seem contradictory, but has the advantage that their experience and expertise can be used. One would be specially set by government technocrats in the case raised by failures also much more directly with the ruling military related.
derlaufenden An example of a system changes is the restructuring of the police authorities in all provinces of the country, implementing the Home Office with its existing structures on the instructions exactly. Another example is dieVorbereitung the constitutional amendment by the arbitrarily appointed Gremiumdes constitutional committee.
The government Shafiq
The government of Lieutenant-General Ahmad Shafiq, consisting ausvorerst only 14 ministers will be on 31.01.2011 by President Mubarakeingeschworen. The Cabinet - Several items were taken up at later stages, with one half containing representatives of the old guard, but the other new faces. Particularly striking is the exclusion of the successful businessmen who had dominated politics under the previous Prime Minister Ahmad Nazif and the new minister with a military background.
The excluded business people who are placed with Hosni Mubarak's son Jamal related are: Habib al-'Adli, Faruq Husni, Hatim al-Jabali, Zuhayr Jarana, Rashid Muhammad Rashid, Ahmad al-Maghrabi.
The composition of the new government is as follows (1-12, the new ministers are)
first Prime Minister Field Marshal Shafiq Ahmad
second Majdi Mahmoud, interior minister
third Ibrahim Mana ', Minister for Aviation
fourth Yahya 'Abd al-Majid, Minister of crude Affairs Consultative Assembly
fifth Dr. Farid Ahmad Samih, Health Minister
6th ; Dr. 'Abdallah al-Husayni, Minister for religious foundations
7th Samiha Fawzi, Minister of Trade
8th Jabir 'Asfur, Culture Minister
9th Dr. Ayman Farid Abu Hadid, Agricultural Minister
10th Dr. Fathi al-Baradei, Housing Minister
11th Admiral Muhsin at-Ni'mani, Minister for Local Development
12th 'Atif' Abd al-Hamid, Minister of Transport
13th Deputy Prime Minister Field Marshal Muhammad Husayn Tantawi undVerteidigungsminsiter
14th Zahi Hawwas, Minister for Antiquities
15th Mufid Shihab , Minister for Legislation and dieVolkskammer
16th Sayyid Mash'al, Minister of State for war goods
17th Samih Fahmi, Minister of Petroleum
18th Dr. Hasan Yunis, Minister of Electricity and Energy
19th Mushira Khattab, Minister of State for Family undBevölkerungsfragen
20th Ahmad Abu l-Ghayt, Foreign Minister
21st Fayza Abu n-Well, Minister for International Cooperation
22nd Juruj Majid, Minister of State for Environmental Affairs
23rd Anas al-Faqi, Minister for Media
24th Tariq Kamil, Minister of Communications
25th Dr. 'Ali al-Musaylahi, minister for social cooperation
26th 'A ʾ isha' Abd al-Hadi, Minister of Manpower
27th Dr. Hani Hilal, Minister of Higher Education Research undwissenschaftliche
28th Mamduh Mar'i Magistrate, Justice Minister
The political forces
The High Council has the right and does his temporäreLegitimität it to implement the demands of the population. This is the practical problem, andcommunicating cooperate with whom and how the High Council. The Parliament is dissolved and had already lost its legitimacy at the beginning derProteste, the legal opposition parties are nureinen section of the social reality from Egypt. Daspolitische environment is less of established parties and institutions identified as increasingly new groups and established informal Bewegungenund currents. These are referred to in the Egyptian press as "the political forces". A full explanation is not possible.
communicates the High Council of a statement direct talks - the editors were invited to the major Arab newspapers shear conversation - its own Facebook page undseit recently even on the visit of some of its members in Diskussionsrundenim television. On the transmitter "Dream" had three members of the High Council its stated policy and discussed with the guest presenter and another. teamed
Even before the outbreak of the protests had, in addition to the National Organization for change, the al-Baradeiunterstützte, a number of other groups. The "Volskparlament" for example is an initiative of former MP and angesehenerPersönlichkeiten who wanted to create officially parliament after the 2010 elections as an alternative to that in which the bill by the government could be freely discussed.
Since 25 January, youth revolution When more flows to speakers or at least parts of the. There is the "coalition of youth," the "youth the 25th January, "the" union of the youth of the revolution "and of course the youth organization Ender traditional parties, which are found in at least zuPressekonferenzen across party lines. Even before this year's protests were Esdi Facebook group "Youth of the 6th April "in memory of the working balance end of 2008.
formed during the protests out then spontaneous action groups, the Safe Neighborhoods, escaped convicts and looters firmly set, price controls beikrisengewinnlerischen transactions for goods of daily life, introduced, or just the street cleaning and water supply derDemonstranten be created. can civil society actors
In particular representatives of the judiciary attention to hope. The confrontation with the regime in 2005 and 2006 (see above) has einzelneRichter of "independence Flow" made nationally known and their demands for electoral supervision and separation of powers to an opposition can be consensual. The participation of Zakariyya 'Abd al-'Aziz, chairman of the Judiciary demehemaligen clubs were in the demonstrations on demtahrir Square immediately noticed and commented on the media. The Judges' Club is self derReformbewegung since the last internal elections no longer under the lead, but members of the "independence of flow" have already begun to collect signatures for a motion of censure against the regime-loyal chairman Ahmad al-Zand.
derGerichte the Assembly, in particular the Council of State and the Constitutional Court may alsdemokratisch legitimate bodies for a vote, legislative action is interesting, since they could occur independently over the old system and amazing act.
Additional facilities include a wealth of new party by ups. On 02/17/2011 reported the daily al-Masri l-yawmvon about 13 start-ups since 25/01/2011. Particularly interesting isthierbei how the Islamist spectrum and the Muslim Brotherhood in derParteienlandschaft is mapped. So far it looks like a Aufsplitterungaus.
The Muslim Brotherhood is officially banned in their headquarters in Cairo, but as well known as leading heads or their representatives in trade unions and professional associations. They also sought after now to formally participate in political life can be. In the parliaments of 2000-2010 dieAbgeordneten as independent candidates were lined up, even formerly alsKandidaten other parties such as the Wafd Party. After 15 years of waiting wurdeam 01/19/2011 establishing the "center party" approved, an interdenominational party with close to Muslim Brotherhood. In addition plantdie Community Starting their own "party undGerechtigkeit of freedom" and the internal reform wing thinking about a "party of reform" after. All statements of the speaker of the Muslim Brotherhood 'Isam al-'Aryanzufolge can call the program of the three the Muslim Brotherhood affiliated Parteiennur as parliamentary democracy and moderate, both in Bezugauf the claims of the Muslim brothers in the society and the state and emerge in the foreign and economic policy. The first official performance of a Muslim brother on national television can be just as normal as seen as the very proper and unexciting classification al-Qaraḍawisals "popular conservative preacher" inÄgypten in media coverage.
future issues
Even after the end of the transitional period it will be exciting bleiben.Dass then it will give a broad discussion on a completely new constitution can be considered safe. The Constitution of 1971 may be changes in the substance mitwenigen quite feasible for a democratic Egypt, a symbol of decades of autocracy, it is nonetheless. The desire nachöffentlicher discussion on issues such as separation of powers is high, independent Tags diewichtigste newspaper has already launched a campaign for a new constitution started, the youth movements and even prominent Judge undVerfassungsjuristen clamoring for a new basis for a new republic.
Here are some questions that could be discussed undangegangen in the coming years:
- What happens to the state media, the television undZeitungen in possession of the government?
Journalists chamber will push for more substantive undunternehmerische freedoms, while many employees derstaatlichen hope the media to a continuation.
- How much independence should have the religious institutions inthe new republic, and how much control and financial support is the state requires?
Since the 1952 revolution, the Egyptian state's control of the institutions of religious life eye deteriorating by the day. Derreligiöse education Al-Azhar schools, kindergartens and Universitätist state as well as the large number of mosques. trained preachers and prayer caller, when State and paid, in the past were increasingly constrained for political campaigns (for example, to call for calm before dem25.01.2011).
- How to design the separation of powers of administration?
A new Justice Act, which makes the specific influences derExekutive is just for the Persons, who contributes to the current term constitutional change and the breadth of the alliance remain Unterstützerszeneder judiciary a key concern. Particular attention is paid to derZusammensetzung of the High Judicial Council and the selection procedures for diePräsidenten the Court of Cassation and the Constitutional Court. That the jetzigeJustizminister Mamduh Mar'i longer than can hold up to the end of the transitional period is feasible due to its open to all attacks not Unabhängigkeitsbestrebungender Justice in recent years.
These are exciting times. And more opportunities tobe optimistic, there was not a long time.